What is a dental crown?
A dental crown is a custom-made protective cap that completely covers a damaged or weakened tooth. Unlike fillings, which repair a section of the tooth, a crown restores the entire visible part, bringing back its shape, size, and function. Dentists often recommend crowns when a tooth has suffered from severe decay, extensive wear, cracks, or after a root canal treatment. Crowns are also placed on top of dental implants to replace missing teeth and can be used to anchor a bridge that fills a gap between teeth. In short, if a tooth is too weak to be restored with a filling, a crown often becomes the best option.
Who needs a crown?
Crowns are typically recommended when a tooth is at risk of breaking or cannot function properly without reinforcement. Common reasons include severe tooth decay where fillings are insufficient, teeth that have cracked or fractured due to trauma or grinding, and teeth that have undergone root canal therapy since these teeth often become brittle. Crowns are also placed on top of implants as replacements for missing teeth, and they may serve a cosmetic role by covering severely discolored or oddly shaped teeth. In every case, the goal of a crown is to protect the tooth while restoring appearance and bite function.
Types of dental crowns
Dental crowns are made from different materials, each with unique benefits and drawbacks. All-ceramic crowns, such as porcelain or lithium disilicate (often marketed as e.max), are valued for their natural appearance. They blend seamlessly with surrounding teeth, making them an excellent choice for front teeth where aesthetics matter most. However, they may not always be the strongest option for people who grind heavily. Zirconia crowns, on the other hand, are both highly durable and attractive. They resist fracture and are increasingly popular for both front and back teeth.
Porcelain-fused-to-metal crowns, often called PFMs, combine a metal base for strength with an outer porcelain layer for appearance. While they are reliable and have been used for decades, they sometimes reveal a dark metal line at the gum as they age. Full metal crowns, usually made of gold or noble alloys, remain one of the strongest options available. They require less tooth trimming and are incredibly gentle on opposing teeth, though their metallic appearance makes them less popular for visible areas. Finally, stainless steel crowns are inexpensive, pre-made caps typically used as temporary solutions or in pediatric dentistry for children’s primary teeth.
| Material | Pros | Cons | Typical use / best for | Notes / lifespan |
| All-ceramic (porcelain / lithium disilicate e.g., e.max) | Best aesthetics; color matches natural teeth | Less fracture-resistant than metal in very heavy grinders | Front teeth, cosmetic cases | Good aesthetics; lasts many years with care. Cleveland Clinic+1 |
| Zirconia (monolithic or layered) | Extremely strong, good aesthetics, biocompatible | Can be abrasive if not polished; technique-sensitive | Back and front teeth where strength & look matter | High fracture resistance in studies; popular modern choice. PMC+1 |
| Porcelain-fused-to-metal (PFM) | Strong, good aesthetics (porcelain layer) | Metal margin may show over time; porcelain can chip | Posterior and anterior where strength and look both matter | Long history of reliable use. Cleveland Clinic |
| Full metal (gold or high-noble alloys) | Extremely durable; gentle on opposing teeth; minimal tooth reduction | Not tooth-colored — aesthetic drawback | Molars where strength is priority | Can last decades; still used when durability is paramount. Colgate+1 |
| Stainless steel (prefab) | Cheap, quick, often used for children | Temporary appearance; not permanent for adults | Primary teeth (children) or temporary adult crowns | Good short-term solution; often used in pediatric dentistry. PMC |
The crown procedure
Getting a dental crown is usually a two-visit process. At the first visit, your dentist numbs the tooth with local anesthesia, reshapes it to make space for the crown, and takes an impression or digital scan. This mold is sent to a dental lab, where technicians craft a crown specifically for your tooth. In the meantime, a temporary crown is placed to protect your tooth and maintain function.
Once the permanent crown is ready, typically after one to two weeks, you return to the dentist. The temporary crown is removed, the new crown is checked for proper fit and shade, and it is then permanently cemented. Some clinics now offer same-day crowns using CAD/CAM technology, which mills the crown chairside. This approach eliminates the wait and multiple visits, though it may not be suitable for every material or case.
How long do crowns last?
The average dental crown lasts between five and fifteen years, but with excellent care, many last decades. Several factors influence longevity. Oral hygiene is the most important — plaque can build up around the crown margin, leading to decay of the natural tooth underneath. Habits like teeth grinding or clenching put excessive force on crowns and can shorten their life, although protective night guards help. The material itself also plays a role. Gold and zirconia crowns tend to be extremely durable, while porcelain is more prone to chipping. Daily habits such as chewing ice, biting nails, or using teeth as tools can also wear down or damage a crown prematurely.
Cost and insurance
The cost of a crown varies depending on the material, location, and whether you are in the United States, the UK, or elsewhere. In the U.S., crowns usually cost between $800 and $2,500 per tooth. Insurance often covers about half the cost if crowns are deemed medically necessary, but you’ll want to check policy details carefully. In the UK, crowns placed through the NHS fall into Band 3 dental treatment, which carries a fixed fee that is much lower than private practice costs. Private fees for crowns, however, vary depending on the dentist and material chosen. Some patients reduce costs by using dental schools or savings plans, or by spreading payments through financing.
Risks and complications
Dental crowns are generally very safe, but like any procedure, they carry some risks. Sensitivity is common after placement, particularly to hot or cold foods, and usually resolves with time. Occasionally, a crown may become loose or even fall out if the cement fails, though this can often be fixed easily by reattaching it. Crowns do not decay, but the tooth beneath them can, especially if plaque accumulates near the gumline. In rare cases, allergic reactions to metals occur, and patients should always disclose any known allergies before treatment. Certain crowns may chip or wear depending on the material and habits, but with proper maintenance these risks are minimal.
Crowns are routine and generally safe, but possible issues include:
- Sensitivity or discomfort after placement as the tooth adjusts — usually temporary. Cleveland Clinic
- Loose or fallen crown: cements can fail — bring the crown to the dentist and avoid using household glues; temporary dental cements from pharmacies can work short-term. WebMD+1
- Decay at the margin: the tooth under the crown can still develop cavities if plaque collects at the crown-tooth junction. Good hygiene and regular checkups reduce this risk. Mayo Clinic
- Allergic reactions: rare, possible with certain metal alloys — mention known metal allergies to your dentist. Cleveland Clinic
- Porcelain chipping or zirconia wear: individual materials have different failure modes; modern zirconia has high fracture resistance, but polishing and fit matter.
Aftercare and maintenance
Caring for a crown is very similar to caring for your natural teeth. Brushing twice daily with fluoride toothpaste and flossing daily are essential, with special attention at the gumline where the crown meets the tooth. For some people, interdental brushes or water flossers may be helpful. Avoid biting hard foods, chewing ice, or using teeth to open packages. If you grind your teeth, wearing a night guard is one of the best ways to protect both crowns and natural teeth. Regular dental checkups allow your dentist to monitor your crown and detect early signs of problems before they become serious Sugar and Soda Harm Your Teeth.
Alternatives to crowns
Crowns are highly effective, but they are not always the only option. If the damage to a tooth is minimal, a large filling or composite resin restoration may suffice. Inlays and onlays, which are partial coverings, are sometimes used as a more conservative alternative when only part of the tooth needs protection. Veneers can be used for cosmetic improvements but are not strong enough for severely damaged teeth. If the tooth cannot be saved, extraction followed by an implant and crown may provide a longer-term solution. The right choice depends on the extent of damage, costs, and long-term outlook of the tooth.
Choosing the right crown
When it comes to choosing a crown, it’s best to have an open discussion with your dentist. Ask which material is best for your specific case, how long it is expected to last, and whether a same-day crown is an option. Clarify how much tooth needs to be removed, what the total cost will be, and what warranty or replacement policy is offered if the crown fails early. It’s also helpful to discuss cosmetic expectations — for example, some crowns may look more natural than others depending on your smile line
FAQs
How long does a dental crown usually last?
Most crowns last between 5 to 15 years, but with excellent oral hygiene and regular dental checkups, they can last decades. Factors like the crown material, teeth grinding, and daily habits affect longevity.
What is the best type of dental crown?
The “best” crown depends on your needs. All-ceramic crowns offer the most natural look for front teeth, zirconia crowns balance strength and aesthetics, and gold crowns are extremely durable but less aesthetic. Your dentist will recommend the best option for your tooth’s location and function.
Do dental crowns hurt during the procedure?
No, crowns are placed under local anesthesia, so you won’t feel pain during preparation or placement. Mild sensitivity afterward is common but usually goes away within a few days.
Can dental crowns get cavities?
While the crown itself cannot decay, the tooth underneath and around the crown margin can develop cavities if plaque builds up. Brushing twice daily, flossing, and attending regular dental visits are essential to prevent decay.
What should I do if my dental crown falls off?
If a crown becomes loose or falls out, save the crown and contact your dentist immediately. Avoid using household glues. Over-the-counter dental cement can be used as a temporary fix until you see your dentist.